Alternative fuel options for low carbon maritime transportation: Pathways to 2050

Within the context of achieving low carbon shipping by 2050, high hopes are placed on alternative marine fuels in addition to a large number technological and operational measures. A review has been carried out this paper determine most promising considering simultaneous reduction sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides dioxide emissions as well sustainability. Firstly, potential fuel options have summarized based published literature. Then, key physicochemical properties, feedstocks, production processes, transportation storage factors, end uses zero or carbon-neutral analyzed. Finally, qualitative ranking different is presented multi-dimensional decision-making framework. It was found that synthetic including hydrogen ammonia accompanied clean could play vital role domestic short sea shipping, though current costs infrastructure not commercially feasible. Methanol (fossil/renewable) appears likely be for global instead other biofuels such renewable natural gas, bioethanol, biogenic dimethyl ether biodiesels, which may feasible depending local practices. should highlighted substitution prolonged process. Accordingly, consensus-building action-adopting maritime community early possible important anchor expectations achieve goals transportation.